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Ferrari Testarossa, 512 TR and F512 M | |
---|---|
Overview | |
Manufacturer | Ferrari |
Production | 1984–1996 |
Assembly | Maranello, Italy |
Designer | Leonardo Fioravanti, Ian Cameron, Guido Campoli, Emanuele Nicosia, Diego Ottina at Pininfarina[1] |
Body and chassis | |
Class | Sports car (S) |
Body style | 2-door berlinetta |
Layout | Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive |
Powertrain | |
Engine | 4.9 L Tipo F113 and Tipo 113 Bflat-12 |
Transmission | 5-speed manual |
Chronology | |
Predecessor | Ferrari BB 512i |
Successor | Ferrari 550 Maranello |
The Ferrari Testarossa (Type F110) is a 12-cylindermid-enginesports car manufactured by Ferrari, which went into production in 1984 as the successor to the Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer. The Pininfarina-designed car was originally produced from 1984 to 1991, with two model revisions following the end of Testarossa production called the 512 TR and F512 M, which were produced from 1992 to 1996. Including revised variations, almost 10,000 cars in total were produced, making it one of the most mass-produced Ferrari models.[2]
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The Testarossa is a two-door coupé that premiered at the 1984 Paris Auto Show.[3] All versions of the Testarossa were available with a rear-mounted, five-speed manual transmission. The rear mid-engine design (engine between the axles but behind the cabin) keeps the centre of gravity in the middle of the car, which increases stability and improves the car's cornering ability, and thus results in a standing weight distribution of 40% front: 60% rear.[4] The original Testarossa was re-engineered for the 1992 model year and was introduced as the 512 TR (TR meaning TestaRossa), at the Los Angeles Auto Show, effectively as a completely new car,[2] and an improved weight distribution of 41% front, 59% rear.[5] Another new variant called the F512 M was introduced at the 1994 Paris Auto Show.[2] The car dropped the TR initials and added the M which in Italian stood for modificata, or translated to modified, and was the final version of the Testarossa,[2][3] which continued its predecessor's weight distribution improvement of 42% front, 58% rear. The F512 M was Ferrari's last vehicle that featured the flat-12 engine. The Testarossa was replaced in 1996 by the front-engined 550 Maranello grand tourer.
- 3Testarossa
- 5512 TR
- 6F512 M
- 7Concept cars and coachbuilt derivatives
Name[edit]
A Testarossa engine with red cam covers.
The Testarossa name paid homage to the famed World Sportscar Championship winner 1957 250 Testa Rossa sports racing car.[6]Testa Rossa, which literally means 'red head' in Italian, refers to the red-painted cam covers sported by both cars' 12-cylinder engines.[6]
Development[edit]
Interior
The Testarossa traces its roots back to the faults of the 1981 BB 512i.[6] The problems that the Testarossa was conceived to fix, included a cabin that got increasingly hot from the indoor plumbing that ran between the front-mounted radiator and the midships-mounted engine and a lack of luggage space.[6] To fix these problems the Testarossa was designed to be larger than its predecessor. For instance, at 1,976 mm (78 in) wide the Testarossa was half a foot wider than the Boxer. This resulted in an increased wheelbase that stretched about 64 mm (2.5 in) to 2,550 mm (100 in) which was used to accommodate luggage in a carpeted storage space under the front forward-opening hood.[6] The increase in length created extra storage space behind the seats in the cabin. Headroom was also increased with a roofline half an inch taller than the Boxer.
The design came from Pininfarina. The design team at Pininfarina consisted of Ian Cameron, Guido Campoli, Diego Ottina and Emanuele Nicosia.[7] They were led by design chief Leonardo Fioravanti, who also designed many other contemporary Ferrari models. The design was originated by Nicosia, but the guidance of Fioravanti was equally important. Being a trained aerodynamist, Fioravanti applied his know-how to set the aerodynamics layout of the car. The designers were originally trying to minimize the necessary side intakes, which also could not be left open due to American safety legislation, but then decided on making them a statement of style instead - one that ended up becoming emblematic of the late eighties.[8] The Testarossa did not need a rear spoiler. The aerodynamic drag coefficient of Cd=0.36 was significantly lower than the Lamborghini Countach's 0.42.
One of the side intakes on a 512 TR, which leads to the side-mounted radiators.
The styling was a departure from the curvaceous boxer—one which caused some controversy.[6] The side strakes sometimes referred to as 'cheese graters'[6] or 'egg slicers,'[9] that spanned from the doors to the rear fenders were needed for rules in several countries outlawing large openings on cars. Unlike the Berlinetta Boxer, the Testarossa had twin side radiators near the engine at the rear instead of a single radiator up-front - eliminating lots of piping and allowing for a much cooler cabin.[6][8] After passing through the engine bay, the cooling air exited through the vents at the engine lid and the tail. The strakes also made the Testarossa wider at the rear than at the front, thus increasing stability and handling.[2]
One last unique addition to the new design was a single high mounted side view mirror on the driver's side. On US based cars, the mirror was lowered to a more normal placement for the 1987 model year and was quickly joined by a passenger side view mirror for the driver to be able to make safe lane changes.
Like its predecessor, the Testarossa used double wishbone front and rear suspension systems. Ferrari improved traction by adding 10-inch-wide alloy rear wheels. The Testarossa's drivetrain was also an evolution of the BB 512i. Its engine used near identical displacement and compression ratio, but unlike the BB 512i had four-valve cylinder heads that were finished in red.[6]
Testarossa[edit]
Testarossa | |
---|---|
Overview | |
Production | 1984–1991 (7,177 produced)[3][10] |
Powertrain | |
Engine | 4.9 L Tipo F113 flat-12[3][11] |
Power output | 287 kW (390 PS; 385 hp) |
Transmission | 5-speed manual |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 2,550 mm (100.4 in)[3] |
Length | 4,485 mm (176.6 in)[3] |
Width | 1,976 mm (77.8 in)[3] |
Height | 1,130 mm (44.5 in)[3] |
Curb weight | 1,708.2 kg (3,766 lb)[12] |
Chronology | |
Predecessor | Ferrari BB 512i |
Successor | Ferrari 512 TR |
Engine[edit]
1986 Ferrari Testarossa
The Testarossa has a naturally aspirated 4.9 L (4,943 cc) longitudinally-mounted, 180° Ferrari flat-12 engine.[3][13] The engine has DOHC 4 valves per cylinder (48 valves in total) and is lubricated via a dry sump system. The engine has a compression ratio of 9.20:1.[3][13] These combine to provide a maximum power of 287 kW (390 PS; 385 hp) at 6,300 rpm and maximum torque of 490 N⋅m (361 lb⋅ft) at 4,500 rpm.[3][14] Early U.S. versions of the car had the same engine, but had slightly less power, which stood at 283 kW (385 PS; 380 hp).[2][6][14]
Engine
The Testarossa can accelerate from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in 5.3 seconds and from 0–97 km/h (60 mph) in 5.2 seconds and on to 161 km/h (100 mph) in 11.4 seconds (though Motor Trend Magazine managed 5.29 seconds and 11.3 seconds, respectively).[2] It can complete a standing (from stationary) quarter mile ~1⁄4 mi (402 m) in 13.5 seconds and a standing kilometre in 23.8 seconds. The top speed of the Testarossa is estimated at 290 km/h (180 mph).[13]
Gear | Reverse | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Final Drive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ratio[4][14] | 2.523:1 | 3.139:1 | 2.104:1 | 1.526:1 | 1.167:1 | 0.875:1 | 3.210:1 |
Wheels and suspension[edit]
When introduced for the 1985 model year, the Testarossa had magnesium single bolt 'knockoff' wheels with a 16.33 inches (415 mm) diameter. These wheels used the Michelin TRX tyres having sizes of size 240/45 VR 415 at the front and 280/45 VR 415 at the rear.
In the 1986 model year, the wheels kept the same design but were changed to a standard 16 inches (406 mm) diameter, with a width of 8 inches at the front and 10 inches at the rear.[14]Goodyear Gatorback 225/50 VR 16 front tyres and 255/50 VR 16 rear tyres were fitted.[4][14] However, for the US market the cars were delivered with the metric sized TRX wheels until the 1989 model year.
The rear suspension consisted of independent, unequal-length wishbones, coil springs, twin telescopic shock absorbers on each side, and an anti-roll bar. The entire drivetrain and suspension was designed to be removed as a unit from underneath the car so the engine and timing belts could be serviced.
In the mid of the 1988 model year, the suspension was redesigned and the wheels were changed again from the single bolt knockoff setup to the standard Ferrari five bolt pattern. The wheel design still resembled the ones installed at the Testarossa's debut.[14]
The front brakes have a diameter of 309 mm (12.17 in) and the rear brakes have a diameter of 310 mm (12.20 in).
Reception[edit]
The car received a positive reception from the automotive press - it was featured on the cover of Road & Track magazine nine times in just five years. It lost comparison tests to Lamborghini Countach, Alpina B10 Bi-Turbo and BMW M5.[15][16][17][18]
Well-known Testarossa owners included Jordan Belfort, Elton John, Marti Pellow, Alain Delon, O.J. Simpson, Rod Stewart, Michael Jordan, Mike Tyson, John Carmack, Dr. Dre, Suge Knight, Austrian Formula One racing driver Gerhard Berger, and Gary Monsieur. Don Johnson, who famously drove a white Testarossa on Miami Vice, was gifted a brand-new silver 1989 Testarossa by Enzo Ferrari himself, who was a fan of Miami Vice. Michael Mann, executive producer of the series, also had a custom painted, blue metallic Testarossa.[19]
Jack Nerad of Driving Today states, the Testarossa '... [was] a car designed and built to cash in on an image. And since cashing in was what the Eighties were all about, it was the perfect vehicle for its time. The saving grace was, it was also a damn good automobile.'[6]
Although successful on the road, the Testarossa did not participate in any racing event, unlike the BB 512i, which had done so with minor success.[citation needed]
As Ferrari's flagship model during the 1980s, the car made numerous appearances in pop culture, most notably in the arcade game OutRun, and in the third, fourth, and fifth seasons of Miami Vice. The car has subsequently become synonymous with 1980s 'yuppies' and is an icon of 1980s retro culture.[20] Its signature side strakes have become a popular aftermarket body component for wide arch aesthetic body kits.[2] The side strakes also spawned body kits that were designed for cars such as the Pontiac Fiero and the Mazda B-Series pickup trucks (these were referred to as 'Truxtarossa' kits), in addition to a wide variety of Japanese and American sports cars and motorcycles such as the Honda VFR.[6]
Testarossa Spider[edit]
The Testarossa Spider, serial number 62897, is the sole official convertible variant of the Testarossa commissioned in 1986 by the then Fiat chairman Gianni Agnelli to commemorate his 20 years of chairmanship of the company.[21] The Testarossa Spider had an Argento Nurburgring exterior, a white magnolia leather interior with a dark blue stripe running above the matte black sills, and a white electronically operated soft top that could be manually stowed away. The vehicle was delivered to Agnelli in four months, and had a solid silver Ferrari logo on the hood instead of an aluminium one. The silver theme refers to elemental silver's periodic table abbreviation, Ag, the first two letters of Agnelli's name.[21]
Despite many requests from interested customers for a Testarossa Spider, Ferrari refused to produce the car as a regular production variant of the Testarossa on the grounds of spatial and structural challenges that would be difficult to resolve,[22] and so Pininfarina and other after market firms such as Pavesi, Lorentz and Rankel and Koenig Specials offered unofficial Spider conversions on special consumer requests.[23] The official Spider was no different mechanically than the normal Testarossa available in the European market. It had a standard 4.9 L flat-12 engine with a power output of 291 kW (396 PS; 390 hp), though the top speed was reduced because of the excessive weight arising due to the reinforced chassis. The only differences, other than being a convertible, were that the Spider's front window and door windows were both shorter than those of the normal car and the spider had a special transmission manufactured by Valeo installed which is convertible to both automatic and the standard 5-speed manual versions with the push of a button, a technology ahead of its time. The transmission was installed on special request of Agnelli as he suffered from a chronic leg injury.
A red Testarossa Spider famously featured in SEGA's best-selling arcade and home-console video-game franchise Out Run from 1986 onwards.[24]
The original car owned by Agnelli's family friend was auctioned off in 2016 at a price of US$1 million.[21]
512 TR[edit]
512 TR | |
---|---|
Overview | |
Production | 1991–1994 (2,261 produced)[25][26] |
Powertrain | |
Engine | 4.9 L Tipo F113 Dflat-12[25][27] |
Power output | 319 kW (434 PS; 428 hp) |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 2,550 mm (100.4 in) |
Length | 4,480 mm (176.4 in) |
Width | 1,976 mm (77.8 in) |
Height | 1,135 mm (44.7 in) |
Curb weight | 1,656 kg (3,650 lb)[28] |
Chronology | |
Predecessor | Ferrari Testarossa |
Successor | Ferrari F512 M |
Engine[edit]
The 512 TR sports a 4.9-litre (4.943 L (4,943 cc)) longitudinally rear-mounted flat-12 engine.[25] Each cylinder of the engine has four valves, with forty-eight valves total. The engine is lubricated via a dry sump system, and has a compression ratio of 10.00:1.[27][29] These combine to provide a maximum of 491 N⋅m (362 lb⋅ft) at 5,500 rpm and a maximum power output of 319 kW (434 PS; 428 hp) at 6,750 rpm.[25][27][29]
The car can accelerate from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.80 seconds[26] and on to 161 km/h (100 mph) in 10.70 seconds. It can complete a standing (from stationary) quarter mile in 13.20 seconds or a standing kilometre in 23.40 seconds.The 512 TR has a top speed of 313.8 km/h (195.0 mph).[27][26]
Gear | Reverse | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Final Drive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ratio[29] | 2.428:1 | 2.916:1 | 1.882:1 | 1.421:1 | 1.087:1 | 0.815:1 | 3.45:1 |
A recall was issued in 1995, regarding fuel hose fitting issues.[30] Over 400 cars had this defect which was caused by variances in temperature and environment. Another recall was issued in relation to the passive restraint system on seat belts not functioning properly, on over 2,000 cars.[30] If the restraint system suffered a mechanical or electrical failure only the lap belt would provide safety to the occupant.
The 512 TR's engine was extensively reworked. Nikasil liners were added, along with a new air intake system, Bosch engine management system, larger intake valves, and a revised exhaust system. In addition to the higher peak power, the modifications delivered a more broad power band for better acceleration.
Gearshifting effort, a prolonged complaint about the Testarossa, was eased with a new single-plate clutch, sliding ball bearings, and better angle for the gearshift knob. The braking system included larger cross-drilled front rotors. Quicker steering, lower-profile tyres, and new shock settings improved handling. Most importantly, engine and gearbox position was rethought, which improved the centre of gravity, aiding the handling and making the car easier to drive.
The interior also received updates, with the centre console split from the dashboard, and the climate controls relocated. Pietro Camardella[31] at Pininfarina was tasked with redesigning the body of the car for better integration of the newly included spoilers and the new engine cover. The design was updated in line with the recently introduced 348.
Wheels[edit]
The 512 TR has 18 in (457 mm) wheels with a width of 8 in (200 mm) at the front and 10.5 in (270 mm) at the rear. The tyre for the front wheels are 235/40 ZR 18 and 295/35 ZR 18 for the rear.[5][27][29] The front brakes have a diameter of 315 mm (12.40 in) and the rear brakes have a diameter of 310 mm (12.20 in).
Other appearances[edit]
The 512 TR is featured on the cover and in the 1994 arcade racing video game The Need For Speed.
F512 M[edit]
F512 M | |
---|---|
Overview | |
Production | 1994–1996 (501 produced)[2][32][33] |
Powertrain | |
Engine | 4.9 L Tipo F113 GFlat-12[34][35] |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 2,550 mm (100.4 in)[34] |
Length | 4,480 mm (176.4 in)[34] |
Width | 1,976 mm (77.8 in)[34] |
Height | 1,135 mm (44.7 in)[34] |
Curb weight | 1,631 kg (3,596 lb)[36] |
Chronology | |
Predecessor | Ferrari 512 TR |
Successor | Ferrari 550 Maranello |
The F512 M was the last version of the Testarossa. 501 cars were produced in total, of which 75 were right hand drive.[37]
Engine[edit]
Rear view
The F512 M sports a 4.9-litre (301.6 cu in (4,943 cc)) Tipo F113 G longitudinally mid mounted flat-12 engine.[3][35] This provides a maximum torque of 500 newton metres (370 ft⋅lbf) at 5,500 rpm and a maximum power output of 328.1 kW (446.1 PS; 440.0 hp) at 6,750 rpm.[35] The engine features four valves per-cylinder, for forty-eight valves total and is lubricated via a dry sump system, with a compression ratio of 10.40:1.[35] Due to new titanium connecting rods and a new crankshaft that together weighs 7.26 kilograms (16.0 lb) less than those that they replace, the engine has a 7,500 rpm electronic rev limit.
The Ferrari F512 M can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.70 seconds,[37][35] on to 161 km/h (100 mph) in 10.20 seconds, and can complete a standing quarter mile in 12.70 seconds or a standing kilometre in 22.70 seconds. The F512 M has a top speed of 315 km/h (196 mph).[32][35]
Gear | Final Drive |
---|---|
Ratio | 3.31:1 |
Exterior[edit]
The front and rear lamps received a design change. The pop-up headlamps were replaced by two fixed square units. The rear taillamps were round and the bumpers had been restyled to yield a more unified look.[37] The car featured a different front lid with twin NACA ducts.
Interior[edit]
The F512 M's interior received a minor update from the 512 TR. The gearshift knob had a chromed finish, the aluminum pedals were drilled, and air conditioning was now included as standard. Carbon fibre racing bucket seats were also available at no extra cost, weighing only 14.97 kg (33.0 lb); much less than the standard seats.[37]Pininfarina and Ferrari flags line the dash board.
Wheels[edit]
The F512 M has 18 in (457 mm) wheels with a width of 8 in (200 mm) for front and 10.5 in (270 mm) for the rears. The tyres are Pirelli P Zero units,[37] with codes for the front wheels of 235/40 ZR 18 and 295/35 ZR 18 for the rear.[35] The front brakes have a diameter of 315 mm (12.4 in) and the rear brakes have a diameter of 310 mm (12.2 in).
Concept cars and coachbuilt derivatives[edit]
Mythos[edit]
The Ferrari Mythos is a mid-engined, rear wheel drive concept car based on the mechanical underpinnings of the Ferrari Testarossa. The Mythos is powered by a 4.9 L Tipo F113 BFerrari flat-12 engine sourced from the Ferrari Testarossa, the engine produces 390 hp (291 kW; 395 PS) at 6,300 rpm and 354 N⋅m (261 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,500 rpm while having a power to weight ratio of 308 hp (230 kW) per tonne. Power is sent to the rear wheels through a Testarossa sourced 5-speed manual transmission. The car utilises a helical coil suspension system with transverse arms on the front and rear. Acceleration figures of the car remain unknown, but the car has a projected top speed of about 180 mph (290 km/h).
Colani Ferrari Testa d'Oro[edit]
Designed by Luigi Colani in 1989, the Testa d'Oro was designed to break land speed records at the salt flats. It was based on a Testarossa with a turbochargedflat-12 engine featuring a 5.0 L Ferrari-Lotec turbocharger. The engine had a power output of 750 hp (559 kW) at 6,400 rpm and 900 N⋅m (660 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,000 rpm. It successfully broke the record in its class in 1991, reaching 351 km/h (218 mph) with catalytic converters fitted.[38]
FX[edit]
1996 Ferrari FX at the Marconi Museum.
The Ferrari FX was a one-off sports car custom made for the 29th Sultan of Brunei by Pininfarina.[39] It featured the flat-twelve engine of the Ferrari Testarossa and a 7-speed sequential manual transmission from the WilliamsFormula One team.[39] Only nine cars were ever made, six of which were delivered to the Royal Family in Brunei.[39] After the Sultan cancelled delivery of car number four, Dick Marconi bought the car from Williams.[39] Car number four is now on display at the Marconi Automotive Museum in Tustin, California.[39][40] The FX has a top speed of around 205 mph (330 km/h),[39] yet Ferrari claimed 'We don't want to make the fastest car in the world'.[41]
FZ93[edit]
The FZ93 at the 2010 Goodwood Festival of Speed.
The FZ93 (Formula Zagato '93) was designed by Ercole Spada as a follow up to Zagato's series of Ferrari specials.[42] In 1994 the car was reworked and repainted all-red; it was also renamed as ES1 in honour of its designer.
F90[edit]
For almost 18 years, Ferrari denied that the F90 existed. The project was eventually discovered along with the fact that six were made for the Sultan of Brunei in 1988.
The project was managed by Enrico Fumia, the head of the Research and Development department at Pininfarina. At the time, the project was top secret to that extent that Ferrari themselves didn't know of the project. Fumia styled the car and said the F90 name referred to it being a 'Ferrari of the '90s.'
All six F90s used a Ferrari Testarossa chassis which Pininfarina used to sculpt an entirely new body and interior on top of. The engines were stock units, having a power output of 390 PS (287 kW; 385 hp) and having a rear-wheel drive layout, but the radiators were moved to the front of the car.[43][44]
Notes[edit]
- ^'Testarossa Development'. red-headed.com. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ abcdefghiAuto Editors of Consumer Guide. 'Ferrari Testarossa'. How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
- ^ abcdefghijklMelissen, Wouter (2004-12-01). '1984-1991 Ferrari Testarossa'. Ultimate car page. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ abc'Carfolio: Ferrari Testarossa'. Carfolio. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ ab'Carfolio: Ferrari 512 TR'. Carfolio. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
- ^ abcdefghijklNerad, Jack. 'Ferrari Testarossa'. Driving Today. Archived from the original on 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^'1990 Ferrari Testarossa'. bonhams.com. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ abEbdon, Noel (2014-07-03). 'The Ferrari Testarossa: a 1980s supercar that still turns heads'. The National. Archived from the original on 2019-09-18.
- ^Frank, Michael (2006-06-04). 'Elton John's 'Red Devil' Ferrari Testarossa'. Forbes. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
- ^'Ferrari Testarossa'. auto.ferrari.com. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^'Ferrari Testarossa engine code'. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
- ^'Car and Driver Ferrari Testerossa'(PDF).
- ^ abc'Ferrari World: Testarossa'. Ferrari. Archived from the original(Flash) on December 8, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ abcdef'Testarossa Specifications'. Red-headed.com. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^Car April 1986
- ^Sport Auto 1/1990
- ^Car April 1990
- ^1989 Road and Driver, Exotic Edition.
- ^'Director Michael Mann Boxed Up His Blue Ferrari Testarossa For 18 Years'. carbuzz.com. 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
- ^Biggs, Henry (2006-03-06). 'Top 10 Iconic 80s cars'. MSN Cars UK. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ abc'Ferrari Testarossa Spider, a novelty'. 2017-05-31. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
- ^'1986 Ferrari Testarossa Spyder | Reviews and Buyer's Guides | Sports Car Market - May 2004 issue'. Sports Car Market. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
- ^'More Testarossa spiders in existence'. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
- ^Out Run, 1987 UK instruction manual: 'Your Car: Ferrari Testarossa Convertible. 2 door, 5 speed'
- ^ abcdMelissen, Wouter (2004-12-01). 'Ferrari 512TR'. Ultimate Car Pages. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ abc'Ferrari 512 TR'. Ferrari GT - en-EN. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
- ^ abcde'Ferrari World: 512 TR'. Ferrari. Archived from the original(Flash) on December 8, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^'Motortrend FERRARI TESTAROSSA VS. LAMBORGHINI COUNTACH'.
- ^ abcd'512 TR Specifications'. Red-headed.com. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ ab'1993 FERRARI 512 TR'. US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recall no. 94V131000. CarFax. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
- ^'Rencontre avec Pietro Camardella & Gino Finizio' (in French). July 2006. Archived from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
- ^ abMelissen, Wouter (2005-01-01). 'Ferrari F512 M'. Ultimate Car Pages. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^'Ferrari F512M'. auto.ferrari.com. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^ abcde'Carfolio: Ferrari F512 M'. Carfolio. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
- ^ abcdefg'Ferrari World: F512 M'. Ferrari. Archived from the original(Flash) on December 8, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^Auto motor und sport 1/1995
- ^ abcdePerini, Giancarlo (January 1995). 'Ferrari F512 M'. Car & Driver: pgs. 128–130.
- ^Wallace, Nicholas (2015-06-18). 'Ferrari Testa d'Oro'. caranddriver. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
- ^ abcdefOwen, Richard. '1995 Ferrari FX'. supercars.net. Supercars.net Publishing. Retrieved 2012-07-21.
For reasons we don't know, number four of seven was still being finished at Williams when the Sultan stopped his influx of cars and anything else expensive.
- ^'1996 Ferrari FX'. marconimuseum.org. Tustin, CA USA. 2010. Retrieved 2012-07-21.[permanent dead link]
- ^'Ferrari FX, Lamborghini Murciélago, and Maserati Spyder'. Car and Driver. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^'Ferrari FZ93'. Supercars.net. 2004-03-01. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
- ^'supercars.net'. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^'fumiadesign.com'(PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-23.
References[edit]
- Bob Johnson. 'Ferrari Testarossa'. Road and Track (June 1989): 64–69.
- Buckley, Martin; Rees, Chris (1998). World Encyclopedia of Cars. London: Anness Publishing. ISBN1-84038-083-7.
- 'Retail Prices, Import Cars,' Automotive News, April 1986: page 53.
- William Jeanes. 'Preview: Ferrari 512TR'. Car and Driver (March 1992): 57–59.
- Sir Mix-A-Lot wrote the track Testarossa (on his 1992 album Mack Daddy) about his 'jet black' 1987 Testarossa.
- French House/Electro artist Kavinsky has written several songs about the Testarossa, including 'Testarossa Autodrive', which was remixed by SebastiAn. The Kavinsky character's back story is that he fatally crashed his Testarossa and came back from the dead to make music.
- The video and arcade game Outrun uses the Testarossa as the main car.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ferrari Testarossa. |
- [1] Ferrari FX at the Marconi Automotive Museum article
- Official Ferrari website with information on the Testarossa
- Ferrari Testarossa at the Internet Movie Cars Database
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365 2+2 | 365 GTC/4 | 365 GT4 2+2 | 400 | 400 i | 412 | 456 | 456M | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sports car | 288 GTO | F40 | F50 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sold under the Dinomarque until 1976; see also Dino car timeline |
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815 S.W.2d 512 (1991)
Robert YOUNGBLOOD and wife, Patricia Youngblood, Plaintiffs-Appellants,v.Howard D. WALL and Sally Jones Wall, d/b/a Snow and Wall Realtors, Billie W. Greenberg, Individually and as agent for Snow and Wall Realtors, and Larry K. Tolbert, Substitute Trustee, Defendants-Appellees.
Court of Appeals of Tennessee, Middle Section, at Nashville.
February 21, 1991.
Application for Permission to Appeal Denied August 5, 1991.
*513 Royce Taylor, Murfreesboro, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Larry K. Tolbert, Murfreesboro, for defendants-appellees.
Application for Permission to Appeal Denied by Supreme Court August 5, 1991.
OPINIONLEWIS, Judge.
Plaintiffs Robert and Patricia Youngblood appeal from the final decree of the trial court which 1) divested from them their interest in a certain property on Central Valley Road in Rutherford County, Tennessee, and vested it in defendants Howard and Sally Wall;[1] 2) decreed a promissory note of $29,000.00, which was executed by Jack L. Johnson and payable to Youngblood, to be the sole and exclusive property of the Walls; 3) granted the Youngbloods the proceeds left from the resale of the Central Valley Road property after the payment of all costs, expenses, and taxes associated with that property; and 4) rendered judgment against defendant Greenberg in favor of the Youngbloods in the amount of $3,690.00, the amount of Greenberg's commission earned by selling the Central Valley property to the Youngbloods.
The pertinent facts are as follows:
The Youngbloods lived in a house owned by Mr. Youngblood (the O'Brien house). While not actively looking for a new house, *514 Mrs. Youngblood especially was anxious to move from the O'Brien house. While out for a Sunday ride, they attended an 'open house' on the Central Valley property. Interested in the property, they entered into discussions with defendant Greenberg.
Greenberg was a licensed affiliate broker who had been associated with Snow and Wall Realtors for sixteen years. She zealously pursued a sale of the Central Valley property to the Youngbloods. Subsequently, the Youngbloods entered into a contract to purchase the Central Valley house subject to the sale of the O'Brien house.
Although the Youngbloods had approximately $30,000.00 equity in the O'Brien house, they also had three mortgages on it. Greenberg found a buyer for the O'Brien house with agreed terms of the contract being that the buyer would assume the first mortgage on the property and Youngblood would accept a $29,000.00 note for his equity in the property.
Greenberg and the Youngbloods set about arranging the financing of the Youngblood's purchase of the Central Valley property. There were problems with financing from the very beginning. Part of the problems concerned the Youngblood's risky credit rating while the rest of the problems stemmed from the misconduct surrounding their efforts to make the credit picture look rosy enough to obtain permanent financing.
The Youngblood's credit report contained derogatory information, and Youngblood owned business property which was foreclosed on during this time period. The business property burned within a few weeks of the announced foreclosure, and arson was suspected. The insurance company paid the mortgagee but refused to pay any amount to the Youngbloods.
The central obstruction, however, to Youngblood's ability to obtain financing for this property was his failure to file personal income tax returns for the years 1985 and 1986 and his and Greenberg's attempt to present falsified returns to the various mortgage companies and banks he and Greenberg visited in the attempt to obtain financing.
Greenberg first approached Guaranty Trust Company about a Veteran's Administration (VA) loan on the property. The loan officer told Greenberg and the Youngbloods that since Youngblood was self employed, he would have to submit a copy of the Youngbloods' 1985 and 1986 tax returns as verification of income before the loan could be processed.
At this point, Greenberg supplied Mr. Youngblood with copies of someone else's tax returns which she knew contained the figures necessary to qualify for a loan of this size. There is contradictory testimony as to whether it was Mr. Youngblood or Greenberg who filled out false returns based on these figures, but one or both of them did. Greenberg then gave these returns to various mortgage lenders with or without the Youngbloods' knowledge or consent. These fraudulent returns proved insufficient to secure loan approval.
When the loan officer informed Greenberg that the VA was going to turn down the loan because of the lack of certified income tax returns, she had the loan application transferred to First Southern Bank. When that bank also rejected the Youngbloods, she tried to arrange permanent financing for them through Ahmanson Mortgage Company. Approximately the third week in October, 1987, a loan officer at Ahmanson informed Greenberg that their computer had 'kicked the loan out' because of the lack of certified tax returns.
By this time the Youngbloods had already moved into the Central Valley house, and closing on both properties was set for 28 October 1987. At various times prior to the closing date, both the Youngbloods and the sellers of the Central Valley property had second thoughts about this sale and indicated their inclination to rescind the deal. Greenberg kept the deal on track by assuring all parties that permanent financing was just around the corner. Greenberg knew prior to the Youngbloods' move onto the Central Valley property that the VA had rejected the Youngblood's loan application. She deliberately withheld this information from them until the day before closing.
*515 When it was evident that permanent financing was not going to be forth coming before the closing date, Greenberg secured a ninety day 'bridge' loan from First Southern Bank in the amount of $102,500.00. The Walls co-signed this temporary note, and the Youngbloods put up the deed of trust on the Central Valley property and the $29,000.00 note on the O'Brien property as collateral.
Just before the closing, it became apparent that because of Youngbloods' second and third mortgages on the O'Brien property, $9,500.00 additional monies were necessary to clear the title so the property could be sold. Greenberg prevailed upon the sellers of the Central Valley property to advance that amount to Youngblood out of their equity in exchange for a sixty-day note from him. According to Mr. Carter, the seller, 'I was persuaded that it was in my best interest by Snow and Wall Realty Company.'
Mrs. Youngblood expressed grave reservations about selling her home in this manner. According to her testimony at trial:
The first I knew of that (the note to the Carters for $9,500) was when the date of the closing. We were to meet at Snow and Wall in Mrs. Greenberg's office. We went into her office, and she said that we needed $9,400 to make everything balance out. And Bob got up and went into the bathroom. And I looked at her, and I said, Billie, our house hasn't been sold yet; I'm pregnant; Bob doesn't want to put me through any more than I've already been through. He is willing to go that extra mile. I said that I had rather move back into our house on O'Brien Drive. We can build on, or we can sell it straight out instead of $15,000 down and then us assume a second loan. I said, I just don't want to do that unless you're absolutely positive. She assured me right there in her office that it was two weeks at the most.(emphasis added).
When the note was not paid in sixty days, the seller foreclosed. Two days before the 90 day note was due, First Southern asked the Walls to pay it. The Walls did so and promptly foreclosed. Still trying to obtain permanent financing, the Youngbloods tried to prevent this foreclosure.
When an attempt at bankruptcy proved unsuccessful, they filed this action in Chancery Court. They alleged, inter alia, that they had relied on Greenberg's representations that verbal approval had been given on a loan package in making their decision to move into the Central Valley house before permanent financing had been obtained, that they had closed the sale without permanent financing because of reassurances from both Greenberg and the Walls that permanent financing would be available, and that the Walls had agreed prior to the closing to co-sign on permanent financing if the need arose. They asked for an injunction blocking the sale, for compensatory and punitive damages, and that Mr. Tolbert be disqualified from acting as Substitute Trustee on the property.
The trial court allowed the sale to go forward, subject to the court's approval. An auction was held with only the Walls and the Youngbloods in attendance. The Walls' bid of $85,691.29 was the only bid on the property. The court refused to approve the sale, and the property was subsequently sold to separate buyers for a total of $110,900.00 with the court's approval.
The Youngbloods ostensibly present two issues for our review. The first issue is whether a real estate broker is 'liable for the misrepresentations of his or her agent when the broker is unaware of the misrepresentations.' The second issue is whether the agent is 'only liable to the appellant for her commission as a result of her misrepresentations.' They indicate toward the end of their brief that the real issue for our review is 'the measure of damages.' At oral argument, counsel for the Youngbloods told this Court: 'The real issue then becomes whether or not the damages are sufficient and whether or not the agent's principal should also be liable in this.'
Appellees Howard and Sally Wall, Billie Greenberg, and Larry Tolbert ask this Court to determine:
*516 1. What is the legal relationship between a licensed real estate broker and a licensed affiliate real estate broker? Agent? Employee? Independent contractor?2. Is a real estate broker liable for the fraudulent/illegal/unethical conduct of an affiliate broker when the broker has no knowledge of such conduct?3. Did the Trial Court err in awarding judgment against Defendant Greenberg in favor of Plaintiffs Youngblood?The first issue this Court will consider is whether the trial court erred in awarding judgment against Greenberg in favor of the Youngbloods.
The Youngbloods testified that they were induced to sell their home and induced to attempt to buy the Central Valley property by untrue statements from Greenberg that permanent financing of the buy was only weeks away. They asked the trial court for compensatory and punitive damages for the harm done them by her misrepresentations to them.
The trial court found that Greenberg had made material misrepresentations to the Youngbloods and that these misrepresentations had harmed them.[2] We review that finding 'de novo upon the record of the trial court, accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the finding, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.' Tenn.R.App.P. 13(d).
The record shows that in order to collect her commission from the Youngbloods on the sale of the O'Brien property and from the Carters on the sale of the Central Valley property, Greenberg induced the Youngbloods to sell their house, to move into the Central Valley house without permanent financing first being arranged, and to put up their equity from the sale of the O'Brien property as collateral on the 90 day note to First Southern Bank. She told them permanent financing was only weeks away and urged them to move into the Central Valley home. She did not tell them that their loan applications had been rejected by every lender she had taken them to see. Instead, she led them to believe the loans were still being processed. She convinced them to take a note for the equity in the O'Brien property and to assign that note to First Southern on the bridge loan. Greenberg was of the opinion that the bridge loan would save the deal and talked all concerned into adopting that idea. She told the Youngbloods that the Walls would co-sign on permanent financing if none was forthcoming within the 90 day period, leading them to believe that their equity was safe.
Greenberg had a duty to the Youngbloods of undivided fidelity and faithfulness as regards the sale of the O'Brien property; she had a duty to refrain from prejudicing their interests in favor of her own. Reece v. Homestead Realty, Inc., 626 S.W.2d 711 (Tenn. App. 1981). As regards both sales, she had a duty of honesty, candor and fair dealing to all those with whom she was dealing, including the Youngbloods, even though she was not in an express principal agency relationship with the Youngbloods as to the Central Valley sale. Hughey v. Rainwater Partners, 661 S.W.2d 690 (Tenn. App. 1983). By her actions, Greenberg breached her duty to the Youngbloods. This breach of duty amounted to tortious conduct toward the Youngbloods for which Greenberg is liable. Scott v. Burton, 173 Tenn. 147, 114 S.W.2d 956 (1938).
This issue is without merit.
We next look at Greenberg's relationship to the Walls.
Both appellants and appellees have asked us to determine whether the Walls are also liable to the Youngbloods based on this relationship. Appellants insist that Greenberg is the agent of the Walls while the Walls (and presumably Greenberg) urge us to decide that Greenberg is an independent contractor. Even though the trial court *517 found that the Walls were 'blameless of any wrongdoing,' the court did not make a finding of fact as to the characterization of the Greenberg/Wall relationship.
In cases involving a determination of such a relationship, the exact relationship must be determined under the contract between the two parties (the Walls and Greenberg) and the facts of the particular case. Carbide & Carbon Chem. Corp. v. Carson, 192 Tenn. 150, 239 S.W.2d 27 (1951), aff'd, 342 U.S. 232, 72 S. Ct. 257, 96 L. Ed. 257 (1952). Relevant factors to consider are:
1) Whether or not the one employed is engaged in a distinct occupation or business; 2) The kind of occupation with reference to whether in the locality the work is usually done under the direction of an employer or by a specialist without supervision; 3) The skill required in the particular occupation; 4) Whether the employer or workman supplies the instruments, tools and place of work of the person doing the work; 5) The length of time for which the person is employed; 6) Method of payment, whether by time or by job; 7) Whether or not the work is part of the regular business of the employer; 8) Whether or not the parties believe they are creating the relationship of master and servant; and, 9) Whether the principal is or is not in business.Henry v. United States, 452 F. Supp. 253, 254 (E.D.Tenn. 1978).
A de novo review of the record reveals the following facts. Greenberg was a licensed affiliate real estate broker. She had been affiliated with Snow and Wall Realtors for sixteen years. She maintained her office in their agency building, and there is no evidence that she paid rent or utilities on either the space or the office equipment, including the telephone. Greenberg was engaged at Snow and Wall in the regular business of Snow and Wall. The contract signed for the sale of the Central Valley property states that Snow and Wall, not Greenberg, is the agent for the seller. Regarding payment of the commissions on the sale, the contract states: 'Upon consummation of this contract Snow and Wall Realtors Company(ies) as agent(s) shall receive a commission of 6% based on total consideration, to be paid by seller.' There is no evidence in the record that either the Carters or the Youngbloods wrote their commission checks to Greenberg or that she received 6% of the sale price of either house as her commission on the sales. On the contrary, the Youngbloods bought the Central Valley property for $102,500.00 and the trial court found that Greenberg's commission on this sale was $3,690.00. Simple arithmetic computes this to be 60% of the 6% commission paid by the Carters.
Under Tennessee law, if there is one factor more indicative of an employer/employee relationship than any of the others, it is the employer's right of control over work done for him. Bush Bros. & Co. v. Hickey, 223 F.2d 425 (6th Cir.1955). This right to control is not dependent on whether the employer exercises the right; it is merely material that the right exists. Carver v. Sparta Elec. Sys., 690 S.W.2d 218 (Tenn. 1985).
There is evidence in this record that Snow and Wall not only had the right to control the performance of the work but that they exercised that right as well. Greenberg did not complete both sales and then present the closed sales to Snow and Wall for the payment of her commission. Instead, Mr. Wall was continually checking with Greenberg on the progress she was making in her efforts to obtain financing for Youngblood. Mr. Wall participated in discussions with Mr. Youngblood and Greenberg on how best to pursue this financing. Both Walls participated in the decision to pursue a bridge loan to the extent that they even agreed to co-sign. Mr. Carter only accepted a note for $9,400.00 of his equity in the Central Valley property because he 'was persuaded that it was in (his) best interest by Snow and Wall Realty Company.' Mr. Wall controlled the activity of Greenberg to the extent that when Youngblood came to her after the Walls had foreclosed on him, Mr. Wall told Greenberg to have no further *518 discussions with Youngblood, and she obeyed this command.
A preponderance of the evidence shows that Greenberg was in an employer/employee relationship with the Walls. The burden was on the Walls to show that Greenberg was an independent contractor in order to avoid liability for her actions. National Life & Acc. Ins. Co. v. Morrison, 179 Tenn. 29, 162 S.W.2d 501 (1942). They have not met this burden.
The employer is generally liable for the frauds and misrepresentations of his employee made within the scope of that employment even when he has no knowledge thereof under the doctrine of respondeat superior. Holloway v. Howerdd, 536 F.2d 690 (6th Cir.1976); Ellis v. Bruce, 5 Tenn. App. 344 (1927). This is no less true when the employer is a real estate agency and the employee is that firm's agent. McNeill v. Dobson-Bainbridge Realty Co., 184 Tenn. 99, 195 S.W.2d 626 (1946).
The Walls are liable for the harm caused to the Youngbloods by the misrepresentations of Greenberg.
We now turn to the award of damages to the Youngbloods. In their complaint the Youngbloods asked for compensatory and punitive damages from the Walls and Greenberg. The trial court found that Greenberg 'was partially responsible for certain non-disclosures which were material and which did cause Plaintiffs to suffer a loss.' The court did not make a finding as to the amount of the loss suffered by Youngblood.
The basic rule prescribing the measure of damages for fraud is that the injured party should be compensated for the actual injuries sustained by placing him or her in the same position that he or she would have occupied had the wrongdoer performed and the fraud not occurred. Blasingame v. American Materials, Inc., 654 S.W.2d 659 (Tenn. 1983).
One who in a real estate transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest supplies false information for the guidance of others is subject to liability for the pecuniary loss caused to them by their justifiable reliance on such information. Chastain v. Billings, 570 S.W.2d 866 (Tenn. App. 1978).
The misconduct for which defendants are liable are those misrepresentations which induced the Youngbloods to sell the O'Brien property and give up all rights to the equity they had therein.[3] As a result of those misrepresentations, the Youngbloods lost their home on O'Brien.
The trial court awarded the Youngbloods damages in the amount of $3,690.00 which was equal to Greenberg's 'portion of the real estate commission paid upon the sale of the Central Valley Road property.' We are unable from the record to determine how the trial court arrived at this figure unless it was an effort to extract from Greenberg any monies she might have made from the transaction. Under the record before us this does not compensate for the actual damages sustained by the plaintiffs. This amount has very little, if anything, to do with the measure of damages.
We are therefore of the opinion that this matter must be remanded to the trial court for the assessment of damages.
We remand because the amount of damages under this record is to a great extent dependent upon the credibility of witnesses and the trial court, who has the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses testify, should determine the amount of damages to which the plaintiffs are entitled.
The judgment of the trial court in dismissing Howard D. Wall and Sally Jones Wall, d/b/a Snow and Wall Realtors, is *519 reversed and the trial court's judgment awarding damages against defendant Greenberg in the sum of $3,690.00 is reversed.
On remand, a judgment shall be entered for plaintiffs against the defendants Howard D. Wall and Sally Jones Wall, d/b/a Snow and Wall Realtors, and Billie W. Greenberg, and a hearing shall be had on the amount of damages to which the plaintiffs are entitled. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the defendants Wall and Greenberg.
TODD, P.J., and KOCH, J., concur.
NOTES[1] We will hereafter refer to plaintiffs Robert and Patricia Youngblood as either plaintiffs or Youngblood and defendants Howard and Sally Wall as either Wall or defendants.
[2] The trial court found that the Youngbloods also made material misrepresentations. However, a de novo review of the record reveals that all of the Youngbloods' material misrepresentations were made to third parties; they were honest with Greenberg from the start, and she joined in their unsuccessful efforts to defraud the mortgage companies.
[3] Greenberg told the Youngbloods she had received verbal approval of their VA loan application with First Guaranty Trust Company. She withheld from them the information that that loan application, and all other loan applications they had submitted, had been rejected. When Mrs. Youngblood informed her that the Youngbloods were ready to forego selling their house and to forget about buying the Central Valley property, she assured them that permanent financing on the Central Valley property was only weeks away and that they would be foolish to give up now.